的 / 得 / 地

de / dé / dì

Structural particle "de"

Three characters, one sound: 的 comes before nouns, 得 after verbs, 地 before verbs.

的 + Noun · Verb + 得 · Adj. + 地 + Verb

How it works

红色的车 — 的 attaches a description to a noun. 跑得很快 — 得 attaches an assessment to a verb. 慢慢地走 — 地 attaches a manner to a verb.

All three are pronounced de, which is why native speakers themselves mix them up in writing. The positions never overlap, so the rule is mechanical: what's on the right decides.

得 is also dé (to obtain) and děi (must) in other contexts; as a particle it's always de.

Examples

  • hóng sè de chē

    红色的车

    a red car

  • tā pǎo dé hěn kuài

    他跑得很快。

    He runs fast.

  • tā màn màn dì zǒu

    他慢慢地走。

    He walks slowly.